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Mathlib.GroupTheory.Perm.Sign

Sign of a permutation #

The main definition of this file is Equiv.Perm.sign, associating a ℤˣ sign with a permutation.

Other lemmas have been moved to Mathlib.GroupTheory.Perm.Fintype

def Equiv.Perm.modSwap {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] (i : α) (j : α) :

modSwap i j contains permutations up to swapping i and j.

We use this to partition permutations in Matrix.det_zero_of_row_eq, such that each partition sums up to 0.

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    noncomputable instance Equiv.Perm.instDecidableRelROfFintype {α : Type u_1} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq α] (i : α) (j : α) :
    Equations
    def Equiv.Perm.swapFactorsAux {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] (l : List α) (f : Equiv.Perm α) :
    (∀ {x : α}, f x xx l){ l : List (Equiv.Perm α) // l.prod = f gl, g.IsSwap }

    Given a list l : List α and a permutation f : Perm α such that the nonfixed points of f are in l, recursively factors f as a product of transpositions.

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      def Equiv.Perm.swapFactors {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] [LinearOrder α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) :
      { l : List (Equiv.Perm α) // l.prod = f gl, g.IsSwap }

      swapFactors represents a permutation as a product of a list of transpositions. The representation is non unique and depends on the linear order structure. For types without linear order truncSwapFactors can be used.

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        def Equiv.Perm.truncSwapFactors {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) :
        Trunc { l : List (Equiv.Perm α) // l.prod = f gl, g.IsSwap }

        This computably represents the fact that any permutation can be represented as the product of a list of transpositions.

        Equations
        • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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          theorem Equiv.Perm.swap_induction_on {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Finite α] {P : Equiv.Perm αProp} (f : Equiv.Perm α) :
          P 1(∀ (f : Equiv.Perm α) (x y : α), x yP fP (Equiv.swap x y * f))P f

          An induction principle for permutations. If P holds for the identity permutation, and is preserved under composition with a non-trivial swap, then P holds for all permutations.

          theorem Equiv.Perm.mclosure_isSwap {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Finite α] :
          Submonoid.closure {σ : Equiv.Perm α | σ.IsSwap} =
          theorem Equiv.Perm.closure_isSwap {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Finite α] :
          Subgroup.closure {σ : Equiv.Perm α | σ.IsSwap} =
          theorem Equiv.Perm.mclosure_swap_castSucc_succ (n : ) :
          Submonoid.closure (Set.range fun (i : Fin n) => Equiv.swap i.castSucc i.succ) =

          Every finite symmetric group is generated by transpositions of adjacent elements.

          theorem Equiv.Perm.swap_induction_on' {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Finite α] {P : Equiv.Perm αProp} (f : Equiv.Perm α) :
          P 1(∀ (f : Equiv.Perm α) (x y : α), x yP fP (f * Equiv.swap x y))P f

          Like swap_induction_on, but with the composition on the right of f.

          An induction principle for permutations. If P holds for the identity permutation, and is preserved under composition with a non-trivial swap, then P holds for all permutations.

          theorem Equiv.Perm.isConj_swap {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {w : α} {x : α} {y : α} {z : α} (hwx : w x) (hyz : y z) :
          def Equiv.Perm.finPairsLT (n : ) :
          Finset ((_ : Fin n) × Fin n)

          set of all pairs (⟨a, b⟩ : Σ a : fin n, fin n) such that b < a

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            theorem Equiv.Perm.mem_finPairsLT {n : } {a : (_ : Fin n) × Fin n} :
            a Equiv.Perm.finPairsLT n a.snd < a.fst

            signAux σ is the sign of a permutation on Fin n, defined as the parity of the number of pairs (x₁, x₂) such that x₂ < x₁ but σ x₁ ≤ σ x₂

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              def Equiv.Perm.signBijAux {n : } (f : Equiv.Perm (Fin n)) (a : (_ : Fin n) × Fin n) :
              (_ : Fin n) × Fin n

              signBijAux f ⟨a, b⟩ returns the pair consisting of f a and f b in decreasing order.

              Equations
              • f.signBijAux a = if x : f a.snd < f a.fst then f a.fst, f a.snd else f a.snd, f a.fst
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                theorem Equiv.Perm.signBijAux_surj {n : } {f : Equiv.Perm (Fin n)} (a : (_ : Fin n) × Fin n) :
                a Equiv.Perm.finPairsLT nbEquiv.Perm.finPairsLT n, f.signBijAux b = a
                theorem Equiv.Perm.signBijAux_mem {n : } {f : Equiv.Perm (Fin n)} (a : (_ : Fin n) × Fin n) :
                @[simp]
                theorem Equiv.Perm.signAux_inv {n : } (f : Equiv.Perm (Fin n)) :
                f⁻¹.signAux = f.signAux
                theorem Equiv.Perm.signAux_mul {n : } (f : Equiv.Perm (Fin n)) (g : Equiv.Perm (Fin n)) :
                (f * g).signAux = f.signAux * g.signAux
                theorem Equiv.Perm.signAux_swap {n : } {x : Fin n} {y : Fin n} (_hxy : x y) :
                (Equiv.swap x y).signAux = -1
                def Equiv.Perm.signAux2 {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] :
                List αEquiv.Perm αˣ

                When the list l : List α contains all nonfixed points of the permutation f : Perm α, signAux2 l f recursively calculates the sign of f.

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                  theorem Equiv.Perm.signAux_eq_signAux2 {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {n : } (l : List α) (f : Equiv.Perm α) (e : α Fin n) (_h : ∀ (x : α), f x xx l) :
                  Equiv.Perm.signAux ((e.symm.trans f).trans e) = Equiv.Perm.signAux2 l f
                  def Equiv.Perm.signAux3 {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Finite α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) {s : Multiset α} :
                  (∀ (x : α), x s)ˣ

                  When the multiset s : Multiset α contains all nonfixed points of the permutation f : Perm α, signAux2 f _ recursively calculates the sign of f.

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                    theorem Equiv.Perm.signAux3_mul_and_swap {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Finite α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) (g : Equiv.Perm α) (s : Multiset α) (hs : ∀ (x : α), x s) :
                    (f * g).signAux3 hs = f.signAux3 hs * g.signAux3 hs Pairwise fun (x y : α) => (Equiv.swap x y).signAux3 hs = -1
                    theorem Equiv.Perm.signAux3_symm_trans_trans {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Finite α] [DecidableEq β] [Finite β] (f : Equiv.Perm α) (e : α β) {s : Multiset α} {t : Multiset β} (hs : ∀ (x : α), x s) (ht : ∀ (x : β), x t) :
                    Equiv.Perm.signAux3 ((e.symm.trans f).trans e) ht = f.signAux3 hs

                    SignType.sign of a permutation returns the signature or parity of a permutation, 1 for even permutations, -1 for odd permutations. It is the unique surjective group homomorphism from Perm α to the group with two elements.

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                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_mul {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) (g : Equiv.Perm α) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (f * g) = Equiv.Perm.sign f * Equiv.Perm.sign g
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_trans {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) (g : Equiv.Perm α) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.trans f g) = Equiv.Perm.sign g * Equiv.Perm.sign f
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_one {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign 1 = 1
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_refl {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.refl α) = 1
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_inv {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign f⁻¹ = Equiv.Perm.sign f
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_symm {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] (e : Equiv.Perm α) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.symm e) = Equiv.Perm.sign e
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_swap {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] {x : α} {y : α} (h : x y) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.swap x y) = -1
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_swap' {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] {x : α} {y : α} :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.swap x y) = if x = y then 1 else -1
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.IsSwap.sign_eq {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] {f : Equiv.Perm α} (h : f.IsSwap) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign f = -1
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_symm_trans_trans {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (f : Equiv.Perm α) (e : α β) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign ((e.symm.trans f).trans e) = Equiv.Perm.sign f
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_trans_trans_symm {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (f : Equiv.Perm β) (e : α β) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign ((e.trans f).trans e.symm) = Equiv.Perm.sign f
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_prod_list_swap {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] {l : List (Equiv.Perm α)} (hl : gl, g.IsSwap) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign l.prod = (-1) ^ l.length
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_abs {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) :
                      |(Equiv.Perm.sign f)| = 1
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_surjective (α : Type u) [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] [Nontrivial α] :
                      Function.Surjective Equiv.Perm.sign
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.eq_sign_of_surjective_hom {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] {s : Equiv.Perm α →* ˣ} (hs : Function.Surjective s) :
                      s = Equiv.Perm.sign
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_subtypePerm {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] (f : Equiv.Perm α) {p : αProp} [DecidablePred p] (h₁ : ∀ (x : α), p x p (f x)) (h₂ : ∀ (x : α), f x xp x) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (f.subtypePerm h₁) = Equiv.Perm.sign f
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_eq_sign_of_equiv {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (f : Equiv.Perm α) (g : Equiv.Perm β) (e : α β) (h : ∀ (x : α), e (f x) = g (e x)) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign f = Equiv.Perm.sign g
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_bij {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] {f : Equiv.Perm α} {g : Equiv.Perm β} (i : (x : α) → f x xβ) (h : ∀ (x : α) (hx : f x x) (hx' : f (f x) f x), i (f x) hx' = g (i x hx)) (hi : ∀ (x₁ x₂ : α) (hx₁ : f x₁ x₁) (hx₂ : f x₂ x₂), i x₁ hx₁ = i x₂ hx₂x₁ = x₂) (hg : ∀ (y : β), g y y∃ (x : α) (hx : f x x), i x hx = y) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign f = Equiv.Perm.sign g
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.prod_prodExtendRight {β : Type v} {α : Type u_1} [DecidableEq α] (σ : αEquiv.Perm β) {l : List α} (hl : l.Nodup) (mem_l : ∀ (a : α), a l) :
                      (List.map (fun (a : α) => Equiv.Perm.prodExtendRight a (σ a)) l).prod = Equiv.prodCongrRight σ

                      If we apply prod_extendRight a (σ a) for all a : α in turn, we get prod_congrRight σ.

                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_prodExtendRight {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (a : α) (σ : Equiv.Perm β) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.Perm.prodExtendRight a σ) = Equiv.Perm.sign σ
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_prodCongrRight {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (σ : αEquiv.Perm β) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.prodCongrRight σ) = k : α, Equiv.Perm.sign (σ k)
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_prodCongrLeft {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (σ : αEquiv.Perm β) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.prodCongrLeft σ) = k : α, Equiv.Perm.sign (σ k)
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_permCongr {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (e : α β) (p : Equiv.Perm α) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (e.permCongr p) = Equiv.Perm.sign p
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_sumCongr {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (σa : Equiv.Perm α) (σb : Equiv.Perm β) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (σa.sumCongr σb) = Equiv.Perm.sign σa * Equiv.Perm.sign σb
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_subtypeCongr {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] {p : αProp} [DecidablePred p] (ep : Equiv.Perm { a : α // p a }) (en : Equiv.Perm { a : α // ¬p a }) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (ep.subtypeCongr en) = Equiv.Perm.sign ep * Equiv.Perm.sign en
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_extendDomain {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] {β : Type v} [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] [Fintype β] (e : Equiv.Perm α) {p : βProp} [DecidablePred p] (f : α Subtype p) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (e.extendDomain f) = Equiv.Perm.sign e
                      @[simp]
                      theorem Equiv.Perm.sign_ofSubtype {α : Type u} [DecidableEq α] [Fintype α] {p : αProp} [DecidablePred p] (f : Equiv.Perm (Subtype p)) :
                      Equiv.Perm.sign (Equiv.Perm.ofSubtype f) = Equiv.Perm.sign f